Annotated Bibliography

Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout-the cost of caring. (pp. 1-155). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:

            Prentice-Hall, Inc…

                        Christina Maslach’s book, Burnout-The Cost Of Caring is important to many people in the    medical field. There are several chapters within the book, all deal with several different problems that nurses can face and how they can overcome them. The main issue that nurses face is called the “burnout syndrome.” This means that health care professionals become drained and exhausted from the work they perform each day. This is specifically true with Oncologists. Oncologists specialize in the study of cancer. These nurses may get attached to their patient and have to watch them go downhill due to their illness. This book was extremely helpful with writing the paper. It lead me step by step with each chapter. Each chapter gave me a lot of    information on the topic that I needed. 

Lavrova, K., & Levin, A. (2006). Handbook for workers of harm reduction programs. In Burnout Syndrome: Prevention and Management (pp. 1-57). Retrieved from http://www.harm-reduction.org/ru/images/stories/library/burnout_syndrome_06_en.pdf

                       Two authors, Lavrova and Levin, both worked together with several other authors in order to come up with a handbook titled, Burnout Syndrome: Prevention and Management. This handbook was able to inform several students who are going into the nursing field. It gave an in depth definition of the burnout syndrome along with reasons to why it comes up, symptoms, and ways of prevention. The Central and Eastern European Harm Reduction Network (CEEHRN) worked with the International Harm Reduction Development Program (IHRD) in order to conduct a grant program. It was aimed to explore and create activities for employees in the health care field. I did find this handbook very beneficial. I found it helpful because it gave so many definitions to many of the questions that came up while writing my paper.

Whippen, D. A., & Canellos, G. P. (1991). Burnout syndrome in the practice of oncology: results of a random survey of 1,000 oncologists. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 9(10), 1916-1920. Retrieved from http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/9/10/1916.short
                       D A Whippen and G P Canellos teamed together in writing, Burnout Syndrome in the practice of oncology: results of a random survey 1,000 oncologists. This article provided a questionnaire. Five hundred ninety-eight people completed the survey that asked about whether or not they experienced the burnout syndrome. I was able to use this information in my research paper which made it beneficial. Surveys and questionnaires only improve the paper.

Williams, M. (2007, April). Follow these tips to prevent professional burnout. ONS Connect, 1-26. Retrieved from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Follow these tips to prevent professional burnout.-a0187772806
                      The article, Follow these tips to prevent professional burnout, was written by Marcella Williams. Williams was able to provide me, along with people in the health care field, information on how spring brings daylight hours and the relationship between that and stress for nurses. Even though spring is a time for cheer and happiness it doesn't let stress leave the hospital environment. Then it listed several tips for oncologists. This was a helpful article for me because I plan on going into the oncology department because of my mom. It helped me get a heads up as to what could possibly come in my future.

Komatsu, H. & Yagasaki, K. (2011, November 08). Preconditions of successful guideline implementation: perceptions of oncology nurses. BMC Nursing, 1-23. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6955/10/23
                     Komatsu and Yagasaki wrote about the Grounded theory and Symbolic interactionism theory. They wrote the article, Preconditions for successful guideline implementation: perceptions of oncology nurses. The Symbolic interactionism theory assumes that people create meaning by socially interacting. Grounded theory describes terms of phenomenons. By this I mean you collect data on the behavior of oncology nurses through interviews, and certain goals. This was a helpful article because it provided a couple theories that were able to go into my paper.

Stott, N. (2011, June 22). Improving care planning in oncology nursing practice. Nursing Standard, 25(42), 1-33. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21826869

                   Improving care planning in oncology nursing practice, was written by Natalie Scott. This article described a 27 bed oncology unit in Scotland. It evaluated the units care plans and identified where improvements could be made. This could be useful to bosses and managers who work in hospitals to see if there are any implementations that could be incorporated into their working environment. This was another article that was helpful because it listed out ways to improve the health care setting. 

N/A. (2011). Junior doctors: burnout and skills retention.South African Medical Journal , 101(2), 1-84. Retrieved from http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/Junior-doctors-burnout-skills-retention/262037415.html

                     In the South African Medical Journal there was an article titled, Junior doctor: burnout and skills retention. This article was based on the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and whether or not nurses experience burnout there. There was a significantly high level of emotional exhaustion. Depersonalisation is related to reduced personal experience. This article was extremely helpful. It gave one example of burnout and several factors that lead into that. It made it very easy to relate with. This article would be helpful for really anymore, particularly those going into the medical field.  

Lewis, M. (2009). Meditation, sharing help prevent burnout.Medical Economics, 86(20), 1-12. Retrieved from http://www.mastermeditation.com/meditation/meditation-and-how-to-avoid-burn-out/

                    Morgan Lewis, Jr wrote, Meditation, sharing help prevent burnout. If someone experiences burnout this article gave several ways in order to overcome it. Seventy physicians in Rochester, NY participated in a year long study. The study consisted of eight weekly 150 minute sessions and 10 monthly 150 minute sessions. There they were able to express emotions and talk about ways of prevention. This would be helpful to nurses who are already experiencing the burnout syndrome. I don't think these sessions would be that beneficial to those who haven't experience burnout yet. However, this article was helpful for me. It showed a real life example of a way to cope.

Hochberg, K. (2008). Consider these remedies for mastering meeting burnout. ONS Connect, 23(4), 1-18. Retrieved from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Consider these remedies for mastering meeting burnout.-a0187772829

                     Consider these remedies for mastering meeting burnout, written by Karen Hochberg described ways to avoid experiencing the burnout syndrome. Nurses can experience burnout in so many different settings. All nurses must go through what seems to be an endless line of meetings which can cause burnout. Meeting burnout can be dealt with by identifying the purpose, adjusting attitude, listening, taking notes, and to learn by watching. Each of those point is explained in more detail. This paper was helpful because of the list it provided with coping. I was able to incorporate part of this article into my paper. 

Fearon, C., & Nicol, M. (2011). Strategies to assist prevention of burnout in nursing staff. Nursing Standard, 26(14), 1-35. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22259967

                     Strategies to assist prevention of burnout in nursing staff, written by Fearon and Nicol talks about how burnout was first recognised. It is a psychological concept that was introduced in the 1970's. It lists out three characteristics: emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and a reduction in perceived personal accomplishment. Definitions were given to each of those three characteristics. This article was extremely helpful. It was helpful because it talked about where the burnout syndrome originated and gave several definitions of several terms.

Rough Draft- Literature Review and Sources

Krystal Yost

English 132

Literature Review

A Selective Literature Review

            It takes a great deal of schooling in order to become a Registered Nurse. Long hours in the classroom, practical’s, exams, and so much more goes into earning a degree in the medical field. Working long hours in the hospital or at the patient’s home can cause a great deal of problems. One big problem would be considered a nurse burnout. This syndrome is known because it shows a pattern of emotional and subsequent emotional exhaustion. A person gets too involved emotionally, and may overextend him or herself, and feels overwhelmed by the emotional demands imposed by other people.  (Christina Maslach) It is a condition that some registered nurses experience that shows itself as being fatigued all of the time, readily irritable, insomnia and poor performance. Physical manifestations can be chronic headaches, back pain, weight gain, and Gastrointestinal problems. (Nursing Profession Education)

            The range of health care professionals is so wide. It can range from becoming a medical assistant, registered nurse or a doctor to one of those three who specializes in something specific such as oncology. This is the study of cancer and tumors with patients.

            Oncologist are professionals who are there to track a person’s health, over view radiation and chemotherapy treatments, and possibly even get connected with patients on a personal level. Along with these nurses experiences the burnout syndrome they acquire compassion fatigue through repeated exposure to patients who are suffering from the effects of trauma. These could be the side effects from treatment and their end stages of life due to cancer. (Julie Berger) Several years ago Joinson was the first one to discover “compassion fatigue. There was a study done to nursed who worked in an emergency department.  “The researcher identified behaviors that were characteristic of compassion fatigue including chronic fatigue, irritability, dread going to work, aggravation of physical ailments, and a lack of joy in life.” (Julie Berger)

Besides just the work fork burnout is very evident when it comes to age. Just getting out of school would put someone at more of a risk for burnout. “There is a clear relationship between age and burnout. Burnout is greatest when people workers are young and is lower for older workers.” (Christina Maslach) The view that nurses will then have on patients is negative. The shift is from positive to negative. Professionals will be caring and supportive towards the patient but once the burnout syndrome has taken place or compassion fatigue has set in it will go to negative and maybe even uncaring. Several oncology nurses expressed their concern regarding the workload. (Hiroko Komatsu)

There is a significant level of emotional stress. If the nature of contact with people is upsetting, depressing, or difficult, then the provider may develop more negative perceptions of them. For many individuals contact with someone who is dying, particularly a child, is the most difficult of all. The most threatening experience for a medical student is having to inform a patient or the family of the impending death. (Christina Maslach) This would be one of the main causes of burnout.

The burnout syndrome is not only obviously with the care giver but also with the patient. If a sick patient comes in there cannot be any discrimination. If that person needs health care then it’s not a yes or no answer, they must have it. In the medical field you cannot choose who you work with. That is another factor of the burnout syndrome. Not everyone is going to be nice and friendly and you can’t pick who you want to work with.

When a nurse experiences the burnout syndrome several things could be done in order to deal with it. Being able to set realistic goals should be a main priority. “In practical terms, this means that you have to work out a list of specific accomplishments that you can shoot for on a given day, a given month-even for the year.” (Christina Maslach) Another option is to take breaks or rest periods and to make sure that you are not only caring for the patient but yourself as well. “Techniques that promote physical and psychological well-being can do much to offset the negative costs of burnout.” (Christina Maslach)

Yagasaki, Kaori, and Hiroko Komatsu. "Preconditions for successful guideline implementation: perceptions of oncology nurses." BMC Nursing. (2011): n. page. Print. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DA-SORT&inPS=true&prodId=AONE&userGroupName=lom_accessmich&tabID=T002&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=BasicSearchForm¤tPosition=1&contentSet=GALE|A275501796&&docId=GALE|A275501796&docType=GALE&role.

Maslach, Christina. Burnout-The Cost of Caring. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.., 1-192.

Abstract - What Is My Research Question?

As for me, trying to start a career in the medical field there are several reasons why I find this topic very important. Not only me but several people who are already working in the medical field as doctors, nurses, medical assistants, etc would more than likely agree that finding more research on health issues would be relevant. Not only health care professionals but also the ones suffering from health problems would find this topic important. People are always looking for new things to improve someones health. What is important to me is people who are dealing with some sort of cancer. My research question is; What are the demands of someone working in the medical field-specifically that of oncology? I will begin with researching this topic online, looking at educational articles, and possibly even talking to someone who works in the field or a patient who has some form of cancer. This topic hit home a lot to me because my mom passed away from cancer so I already have a lot of background knowledge that will help improve my paper. As a prediction I hope to find some answers to the questions that have come up. I will find out more about education, schooling, and what it is like working with a patient with a serious illness. There are so many demands that nurses have. A lot of them get attached to patients and have to watch them suffer. It can be both an emotional and physical strain on the person.

Asking Interpretive Research Questions

A. Hypothetical: How would things be different today if something in the past had been different?
     Write a hypothetical question about your topic:
How would things be different today if there was no such thing as cancer? Pretty much anything can cause cancer, so what if all of these things didnt exist or cause all of the harmful effects that they do? Would there be a career in the medical field field? How many jobs would be lost?

B. Prediction: How will something look or be in the future, based on the way it is now?
     Write a prediction question about your topic:
If more and more things can cause cancer, then how will things be in the future? There is no cure to cancer. Several years from now if a cure was found what would happen? Will people be able to afford this new treatment, pill, etc? I dont wish anything bad on anyone, especially cancer, but what would happen to all of the employed professionals in the health care field?

C. Solution: What solutions can be offered to a problem that exists today?
     Write a solution question about your topic:
Is there any more tests or research that can ve done to look for a cure any more? Because so many products cause cancer how can we make people more aware and actually care about what they are learning. How can people get this message across? People die everyday from this disease and something needs to be done.

D. Comparison: Find the similarities and differences between the main subject and a similar subject; or with another subject in the same time period or place.
     Write a comparison question about your topic:
What is the difference between a registered nurse and an oncology nurse? How are the demands for each the same? How are the demands for each different? How are the roles performed by each the same and different?

E. Judgment: Based on the information you find, what can you say as your informed opinion about the subject?
    Write a judgment question about your topic:
Both a registered nurse and oncology nurse need schooling in order to recieve a masters degree. The demands for both are extremely high. The nature of work is completely different however. How does putting something in your body cause cancer? How would the demands of an oncology nurse affect someone later in life?

Abstract Drafting-What Is My Research Question?

What are the demands of someone working in the medical field-specifically oncology? One of the fastest growing careers would be one in the medical field. The demand for nurses is extremely high now a days, it is even a well paying job. This topic would seem as relevant because in order to succeed in life you need a job. There is nothing worse than having to go to work everyday if you dont even like what you do. That is why a career is so important. One of the highest causes of death would be due to cancer. Oncology is the field of study that focuses on health problems such as cancer. Every day people are finding out that they are not as healthy as they use to be and several medical things could be wrong. With whatever is wrong someone needs to be there to oversee what goes on. Since the medical field is so fast growing the demands for nurses is very high. A lof of schooling has to take place in order to go somewhere in this field.